Which of the following is an example of an end effector?

An end effector refers to the device at the end of a robotic arm that interacts with the environment to perform tasks. A vacuum gripper serves as a prime example of an end effector because it is designed to pick up and hold objects using suction. This functionality allows robots to handle various items without requiring complex gripping mechanisms, making it ideal for tasks such as assembly, packaging, or material handling.

In the context of robotics, other options serve different functions: manipulators refer to the entire system or arm that moves and positions various end effectors, a controller is responsible for directing the robot’s operations and movements, while a drive typically relates to the system that powers the robot's movement. None of these fulfill the role of directly interacting with objects as an end effector does. Therefore, the vacuum gripper is rightly identified as an example of an end effector due to its specific job of engaging with and manipulating physical items in the robot's operating environment.